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- ESSAY, Page 108A Capitalist's Guide to Capital GainsBy Michael Kinsley
-
-
- Let's not even talk about fairness. Almost no one disputes that
- most of the benefit of the proposed tax break forcapital gains --
- profits from the sale of investment assetssuch as stocks and real
- estate -- would go to people withincomes of more than $200,000 a
- year, or that the averageperson in that pleasant category would
- save $25,000 a yearin taxes. The dispute is whether this break
- (which haspassed the House and is currently stalled in the Senate)
- would be so good for the economy that we would all prosperfrom it,
- making resistance on fairness grounds foolish.
-
- True? The answer to that is another question: Do you believe
- in free-market capitalism? Do you think the best recipe for
- prosperity is minimum Government interference in the economy?
- Devotees of the capital-gains break usually claim to be
- enthusiastic free-marketeers. Let us take them at their word. Does
- the capital-gains break make sense from a free-market point of
- view?
-
- The ideal free-market tax system would be no taxes at all.
- Taxes discourage productive activity: working, saving, investing.
- Even President Bush, though, seems to recognize that we can't
- borrow the entire federal budget. So taxes are necessary. In real
- life, the ideal free-market tax system is one where taxes affect
- people's economic decisions as little as possible. That is, a tax
- system that leaves the world looking as much as possible like one
- with no taxes at all.
-
- Such a tax system has two features. First, rates as low as
- possible. At this late date in the supply-side revolution, you
- don't need any more sermons about the evil effects of high tax
- rates. But there is a second, equally important feature. Tax rates
- should be the same on alternative forms of economic activity. If
- plumbers are taxed more than electricians, there will be fewer
- plumbers and more electricians than the free market would dictate.
- If a tax break goes to timber but not to steel, investment flows
- out of the steel industry and into the timber industry. In either
- case, the Government is overriding the free market and dictating
- the shape of the economy just as surely as if it did so directly.
- Except that doing so directly is called "socialism" (or at least
- "industrial policy"), whereas doing the same thing through tax
- breaks is called "a pro-business attitude."
-
- There is nothing magical or unique about capital gains. A
- special break for this particular form of investment profit
- distorts the free market in two ways. First, it prejudices the
- economy in favor of certain kinds of investment. Those who say we
- need to encourage entrepreneurs or long-term investors with this
- break (which actually would reserve few of its benefits for those
- charmed circles) are saying the Government can outguess the market
- about which investments will pay off. If a risky or long-term
- investment makes more sense than keeping money in a savings
- account, the market will reward it without any special incentives.
- Or at least, you'd better believe it will, if you want to call
- yourself a free-marketeer.
-
- Second, billions of dollars (not to mention vast reservoirs of
- human ingenuity) can be wasted turning disfavored forms of income
- into favored forms. The essential function of the tax-shelter
- industry was converting ordinary income into capital gains, before
- the gains break was eliminated in the 1986 tax reform.
-
- Although they are now ostensibly taxed at the same rate as
- other income, capital gains already get favored treatment in two
- ways. First, they are only taxed when an investment is sold, unlike
- interest and dividends, which are taxed every year. An ideal
- free-market tax system would leave an investor indifferent between,
- say, a savings account paying 10% a year and a stock expected to
- rise 10% a year. But tax-free compounding means that, for a
- top-bracket taxpayer the after-tax profit on the stock will be 45%
- bigger after 20 years.
-
- Second, most capital gains are never taxed at all! There is no
- tax when the owner dies before the asset is sold. The profit on
- inherited property is measured only from the moment it was
- inherited. This is a huge loophole, costing the Government more
- than $5 billion a year in lost revenue.
-
- Our current tax system discriminates against capital gains in
- one way: it ignores inflation. If a stock has doubled during a time
- when the general price level has also doubled, the real profit is
- zero, but you'll pay a capital-gains tax anyway when you sell. Of
- course, the same is true of interest -- an 8% return on a
- money-market fund at a time of 5% inflation is really only 3% --
- but no one is proposing to do anything about that. Furthermore, no
- one is proposing to limit the deduction for interest paid. In a
- world with no taxes, it would not make sense to borrow at 10% for
- an investment that will pay only 8%. If the tax system adjusts
- profits for inflation but not borrowing costs, such a topsy-turvy
- investment can suddenly become a brilliant tax shelter. If you
- believe in the free market, that makes no sense.
-
- One other factor makes capital gains different from other forms
- of income: you can generally choose when to take them. In a world
- with no taxes, an investor would trade one investment for another
- whenever he or she thought the new one would be more profitable.
- In the real world, people hold on to investments they would
- otherwise trade in order to avoid paying the tax. That makes the
- economy less efficient. A tax break for capital gains would reduce
- this so-called lock-in effect.(Although, please note, this is
- exactly the opposite of one argument usually heard for a
- capital-gains break -- that we need to encourage long-term
- investment.) What would reduce the lock-in effect even more,
- however -- without adding to the favorable treatment capital gains
- already enjoy -- would be to tax capital gains at death. People
- would then know that their gains could not escape tax forever.
-
- From a free-market perspective, then, there is no justification
- for a special tax break for capital gains. If advocates of a
- capital-gains break wish to concede that they are socialists
- engaged in large-scale Government intervention in the economy, we
- can start again from the top on that basis. Of course, if we're
- talking socialism, it will be a lot harder to avoid the fairness
- issue.